Years ago the smart folks at Harvard put together a change model. They pointed out that change happens only when there is sufficient discomfort with the status quo (to motivate a change), a clear model or vision (what you want to change to) and a practical plan to get there. These requirements are multiplicative (DxMxP), which simply means that if any of the three factors equals zero there will be no change.
It worked well for the moon landing. We were embarrassed by the Russians putting the first man in space and dissatisfied with the situation. President Kennedy set the vision of sending a man to the moon (and returning safely). NASA put together the plan walking through the necessary steps: the Mercury program (one man in space and then in orbit), Gemini (two astronauts in orbit) and Apollo (three in a capsule eventually landing on the moon and safely returning). All along the way and by design, NASA enhanced and broadened their capabilities. The desired change, from Russian to American domination of space exploration, happened.
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